Chiaroscuro contributes to the perception of which form?

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Chiaroscuro uses light and shadow to model a surface and describe its volume. By applying a deliberate gradient from light to dark, it gives a flat painting real sculptural weight, so the surface reads as a rounded, three-dimensional form. Highlights follow the curves, while the shadows deepen along the planes that angle away from the light, making the viewer perceive contours and roundedness rather than a flat plane. This is why it’s especially effective at conveying the sense of solid, rounded shapes. It isn’t about hiding shadows or making the surface flat; while texture can be affected, the core purpose is to imply volume through careful tonal contrast.